Ontology translation by ontology merging and automated reasoning

Abstract. Ontology translation is one of the most difficult problems that webbased agents must cope with. An ontology is a formal specification of a vocabulary, including axioms relating its terms. Ontology translation is best thought of in terms of ontology merging. The merge of two related ontologies is obtained by taking the union of the terms and the axioms defining them. We add bridging axioms not only as “bridges ” between terms in two related ontologies but also to make this merge into a complete new ontology for further merging with other ontologies. Translation is implemented using an inference engine (OntoEngine), running in either a demand-driven (backwardchaining) or data-driven (forward chaining) mode. We illustrate our method by describing its application in an online ontology translation system, OntoMerge, which translates a dataset in the DAML notation to a new DAML dataset that captures the same information, but in a different ontology. A uniform internal representation, Web-PDDL is used for representing merged ontologies and datasets for automated reasoning. 1

Assessment of Research Efficiency in China\u27s Universities Based on Data Envelopment Method

To investigate the static and dynamic trends of scientific research efficiency of different types of universities in China during the period of 2016 - 2020. Methods: Based on the scientific research data of six types of universities nationwide from 2016 to 2020, which are classified by the Compendium of Science and Technology Information of Higher Education Institutions published by the Department of Science and Technology of the Ministry of Education. We selected the full-time personnel (person-years) of research and development personnel and Internal expenditure for the year of science and technology funds (thousand yuan) as input evaluation indexes, and the number of Academic papers published abroad (articles), the number of international projects acceptance (item), the number of patent authorizations (item), and the number of Actual income of technology patents in the current year (thousands of yuan) as output evaluation indexes, and constructed the evaluation index system of scientific research efficiency of six types of universities nationwide. SPSS version 23.0 software was used for descriptive data statistics, and DEA-BCC model and DEA-Malmquist index model of DEAP2.1 software were used for static and dynamic evaluation of its scientific research efficiency from 2016 to 2020, respectively. Results ① Overall analysis: the level of scientific research efficiency of all types of universities is high, but the total factor productivity of scientific research shows a trend of rising and then declining during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, and the overall scientific research efficiency of universities has limited room for improvement. ② Comparative analysis: universities of comprehensive, science and technology, medicine and other universities have the highest level of scientific research efficiency, followed by universities of teacher training and lower universities of agriculture and forestry. ③ From 2017 - 2020, full-time personnel, internal expenditures of agriculture and forestry universities are input redundancy, patent authorization number and the actual income of agriculture and forestry universities are insufficient output. In 2020, full-time personnel, internal expenditures of normal universities are input redundancy, patent authorization number of normal universities is output insufficient. Conclusion: During the period of 2016 - 2020, all kinds of universities nationwide have achieved high research efficiency with high input and high output, which provides a strong reference for the national research management to allocate university research funds more scientifically and reasonably. This result to optimize the allocation of resources of university\u27s scientific research in China and improve the economic benefit of university\u27s scientific research has important theoretical and practical significance